50 Years of Emergency: How 48 Ordinances Crushed India’s Democratic Spirit

As India marks the 50th anniversary of the Emergency on June 25, 2025, the nation reflects on a period that tested its democratic foundations. Declared by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on June 25, 1975, the 21-month Emergency saw the issuance of 48 ordinances despite a dissolved Parliament, a move that epitomized the erosion of democratic norms. 

Bypassing Parliamentary Oversight

Ordinances, meant for urgent governance when Parliament is not in session, require legislative approval within six weeks of reconvening. During the Emergency, however, the dissolution of the Lok Sabha in 1976 allowed the government to issue 48 ordinances without scrutiny. These covered draconian laws like the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA), enabling mass detentions, and amendments curbing judicial review. This blatant bypass of Parliament centralized power in the executive, stifling democratic accountability.

Impact on Democratic Institutions

The ordinances facilitated widespread abuses. Over 140,000 people, including opposition leaders like Jayaprakash Narayan, were jailed without trial. Press censorship silenced dissent, with newspapers forced to submit content for approval. The 42nd Constitutional Amendment, pushed via ordinance, curtailed judicial powers and extended Parliament’s term, weakening checks and balances. Such measures crushed the democratic spirit, fostering fear and compliance among citizens.

Public Suffering and Resistance

The ordinances also legalized forced sterilizations under the family planning program, affecting millions, particularly marginalized communities. Rural and urban dissenters faced brutal crackdowns. Yet, resistance persisted, with underground movements and samizdat publications defying censorship. The youth, inspired by leaders like George Fernandes, rallied against tyranny, sowing seeds for the Emergency’s end in 1977.

Lessons for Today

The issuance of 48 ordinances during a dissolved Parliament remains a cautionary tale. It underscores the need for robust institutions to prevent executive overreach. As India commemorates 50 years since the Emergency, citizens are urged to safeguard democracy through active participation and vigilance, ensuring such a dark period never recurs.